Imperial High Energy Physics Group Open Day

Happy New Year!

We will be holding a Group Visit day on the 19th of January, for anyone who is considering joining our group as a PhD student. If you would like to come and talk to us, please email my colleague, Dr David Colling!

Three Minute Wonders

As the Large Hadron Collider gears up to getting proton collisions before Christmas (fingers - well, pretty much everything, actually - crossed), I'm pleased to announce that my "Three Minute Wonders" will be broadcast this week - Channel 4, Monday and Thursday, both at 12:30pm.

As part of the prize for winning FameLab 2009, I got the chance to turn two of my three minute speeches into Three Minute Wonders with Wall To Wall Television. Directed by Peter Sweasey, "Finding Nothing" looks at why a null result would actually be a tremendous return on a £5 billion investment (based on my final-winning talk, below), while Thursday's episode takes a look at the search for Dark Matter at the CMS experiment.



It's not hard to imagine that the current economic climate will lead to a smaller funding pot for science, and that all areas of research are going to feel the pinch. The field of particle physics is no exception. It is therefore essential that we, as responsible researchers, continue to justify why we're doing what we're doing to the politicians holding the purse-string and the tax-payers who we rely on for our very existence - whether it's showing how technology and expertise are being transferred back into UK industry, inspiring the next generation of scientists and engineers, or simply reminding us that projects like the LHC should make us all, as a fellow outreacher Zoe Matthews (Birmingham) beautifully put it, "proud to be human beings". Hopefully films like these, and the work of all those involved in particle physics outreach, will help. I am therefore immensely grateful to NESTA, Channel 4, FameLab, Cheltenham Science Festival, Wall To Wall, Peter Sweasey, the CMS Secretariat, the CERN Press Office and my colleagues in the Imperial CMS group for the fantastic opportunities provided, their much-needed help and (sometimes considerable) understanding of what's involved in making six minutes of television.

Enjoy the films - and let us know what you think!

PS: Once they have been broadcast I think they'll be made available online - I'll try to provide more information when I have it.

Imperial HEP in the spotlight

Afternoon,

Outreach has always been a strong part of Imperial's High Energy Physics group - indeed, the "Particle Physics Masterclasses" were a big factor in my decision to go into the subject. That's why it's an honour to be representing Imperial at the NESTA FameLab 2009 competition - a sort of "Pop Idol" for scientists - with £10,000 and a few Channel 4 "Three Minute Wonder"s up for grabs at the National Final at this year's Cheltenham Science Festival.



I won the Oxford regional heat with a three-minute talk about the search for Dark Matter at the CMS experiment - something the Imperial group is very strongly involved with, which of course nicely complements the group's involvement with Zeplin. The competition was tough - two Oxford "wildcards" also made it through to the final - but the day was an incredibly rewarding experience, providing the chance to meet and get some feedback from some of the top science communicators in the country. A big thanks to the FameLab team, who made the day such a joy to take part in - and to those who gave me the chance to develop my shows/technique with lots of practice (particularly during National Science & Engineerin Week). Outreach is difficult, and it takes time - but particularly when everyone is thinking very carefully about where their money is going, it's essential that we as scientists not only justify what we're doing to the UK tax payers, but also inspire them to really think about the mind-bending implications our results could have for our understanding of the Universe in which we find ourselves. Hopefully things like FameLab can help.

The final is this Friday (5th of June). I've spent a weekend with the other ten contestants for a "Masterclass" session, and they were all fantastic to work with and are certainly all worthy of winning - so it'll be down to the performance on the day. Whether I "Boyle" it, or really give our friend Prof. Brian Cox something to worry about, I'll keep you posted ;-)

You can also catch me at the Royal Institution on Tuesday 9th June, where I'll be giving my "Whatever is the Matter?" public lecture about the LHC-based search for Dark Matter - the hypothesised "missing fifth" of the Universe.

Oh, and 10 points for anyone who can guess what I'm doing with my hand in the video.

LHC start up

Amazingly nobody from the group has posted anything about the LHC startup. I'd hoped (and in fact promised Yoshi) to blog from the CMS control room yesterday but in all the excitement didn't manage it.

For those few who have no idea what I'm talking about yesterday the Large Hadron Collider at CERN was finally switched on after decades of planning and construction. Our group works on the CMS experiment, one of the two larger experiments at the LHC.

So what happened yesterday? Well the LHC is a 27 km long circular accelerator buried under the Swiss and French countryside near Geneva. Yesterday for the first time beams of protons were circulated all the way around the ring. The media coverage of the event was astonishing. Radio 4 covered it live (pleasing my mother very much) and journalists from all over the world were here at CERN all day. I think the best account from the perspective of our experiment can be found here. Plenty of nice pictures of events and a video. Perhaps a little technical in places, but I'd be happy to answer any questions on it. Hats off to Lyn Evans and company, if anything they made it look a little too easy!

So what does it mean? From a scientific perspective it's the start of a journey to exciting discoveries we hope. In the next weeks and months we'll be working hard to calibrate some of the largest and most complex scientific instruments ever built. From a personal point of view all the publicity will make it much easier to explain what I do for a living to people in the pub.

Rector supports blog

Last Friday Imperial's rector Sir Richard Sykes visited CERN - in particular the two experiments with IC involvement CMS and LHCb.

The visit was supervised by CERN's VIP service, a guarantee that nothing can go wrong: 9:00 pick up at the hotel, 9:25 arrive at LHCb, visit. 9:45 go to CMS, photographer is waiting... and so on until the signature of the guest book at 14:15 (involving another photographer). A quite impressive organization that has not much in common with the usual "private" visits of LHCb or CMS.

So early in the morning Jim and the rector met us (Tatsuya, our spokesman, Will and myself) at point 8 for a visit of the LHCb detector. Tatsuya showed every interesting detail and let us enter any usually forbidden door. A quite interesting tour, even for LHCb members!

Of course we had a long stop in front of RICH1 where I tried to explain how it works (remember Cherenkov radiation?) and why we need such a device and CMS don't. I also took the opportunity to ask him if I could make a picture for the blog. That's when he said it was a great idea. One needs to be modern...

After a brief visit of the LHC tunnel we left Tatsuya and Will and continued to point 5 for a CMS visit. Since I hadn't seen CMS for quite some time (especially not since there's something in the cavern) I joined the CMS tour - which was really impressive. Not only because of CMS, but mostly because Jim knows every detail of it and seems to remember an anecdote about every piece of equipment. He also seems to remember each price tag...

The morning was quite challenging - the rector - a biologist - had many interesting questions and seemed very interested about the goals of the research and the technical challenges. I am also not used to being followed by a professional photographer all the time!

We then went to CERN for a lunch with Lyn Evans - head of the LHC project - and Geoff (who would later show the CMS tracker). Of course I tried to get a few insider information about when the LHC will start, but the official statement remains: there will be an announcement by the end of the month. (But feel free to drop by my office I you want to hear some unofficial statements).

The PhD End-Game (Thesis/Viva) Experience

So you start your PhD in HEP in Imperial by doing courses to get a grounding in the subject, work out (hopefully) what you actually want to do as a PhD during the rest of the year, spend the better part of the rest of the three years (or four, as it is now) desperately trying to create a cohesive piece of research, then bind the whole lot into a thesis. Easy.

Perhaps the strangest thing for me about writing my thesis was really trying to decide what point I was getting across. During a PhD you always end up working on a lot of different things, some of which you include and some of which have no direct relevance. Then you have a restriction on how long it should be. Mine was 170 pages, a little on the long side, but I actually left out a huge chunk of work on a medical imaging project called I-ImaS we worked on in the Silicon lab. It would have muddled the topic of the thesis, not to mention doubling its size.

In the end I decided that CMS was my primary focus, and the important work was on the off-detector trigger and readout electronics. As a CASE student I was in a slightly unusual position as my PhD was mostly about the hardware design of CMS, including the complexities of design, implementation details and possibilities for future upgrades. I also became heavily involved in designing and commissioning the Global Calorimeter Trigger (GCT), very late in my PhD. While it delayed my submission it also shifted the topics I chose to present.

Approaching things from a hardware perspective left me with an interesting dilemma when it came to the viva. What to revise? Hardware, analysis methods, trigger algorithms or more of the physics? As CMS isn't a running experiment this is more of an open-ended question than usual, and you can't know everything (there are, after all a few thousand people involved in the project for a good reason!). In the end I did a bit of everything, but (and perhaps this is due to the hardware nature of the PhD), I think that it's harder for examiners to relate to someone who's specialised heavily in hardware, as it's a less common trait in particle physics. Working on FPGAs and ASICs in Silicon requires a lot of specialised knowledge and isn't an area that's accessible to most physicists. (Incidentally, I think people often forget how lucky we are at IC to have a Silicon lab and an electronics workshop, not to mention some very dedicated and capable people to work with in both of them).

My external examiner was, (unfortunately for me!) very knowledgeable in FPGAs and the modern technologies used in CMS. I had a couple of very interesting discussions about the intricacies of 8b10b encoding in serial links... but one thing became clear during my viva. Virtually all the discussions were on topics I hadn't expected. This isn't to say that reading around the subject before the exam isn't useful, but it's worth remembering that you're partly there to be examined one what you don't know rather than what you do.

Which brings me to my conclusion on the experience. I think if you work hard, write a good thesis and contribute well to whichever collaboration you work on you'd have to work hard to fail in a viva. Your fate is most likely sealed before you even enter the room. For me I think the most useful thing about the viva was the clarification of what I didn't know. As I'm staying in research this is something I can work on!